Stroke-related neuronal damage, known as excitotoxicity, is a process in which glutamate receptors, especially N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, are overactivated. This results in an influx of calcium ions into neurons, triggering multiple downstream signaling cascades, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) pathway, and the apoptotic pathway. Neuronal damage and repair-related antibodies help to study related molecules and signaling pathways in the process of neuronal repair and regeneration, understand the mechanism of neuronal damage, providing clues for the development of new methods to treat stroke.